The course of infection is divided into three phases: febrile, critical, and recovery. An alternative name for dengue, "breakbone fever", comes from the associated muscle and joint pains. The characteristic symptoms of dengue are sudden-onset fever, headache (typically located behind the eyes), muscle and joint pains, and a rash. Children often experience symptoms similar to those of the common cold and gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea) and have a greater risk of severe complications, though initial symptoms are generally mild but include high fever. Therefore, travelers returning from endemic areas are unlikely to have dengue fever if symptoms start more than 14 days after arriving home. The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3 to 14 days, but most often it is 4 to 7 days.
Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening. Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic (80%) or have only mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Apart from eliminating the mosquitos, work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus. In 2019, a significant increase in the number of cases was seen.
About 390 million people are infected per year, about half a million require hospital admission, and approximately 40,000 die. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 120 countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, South Asia and South America. Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century. The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for fever reduction and pain relief in dengue due to an increased risk of bleeding from NSAID use. For more severe cases, blood transfusion may be required. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease. This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body. Other methods of prevention include reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites. The 2016 vaccine Dengvaxia is only recommended in individuals who have been previously infected, or in populations with a high rate of prior infection by age nine. On 5 December 2022 the European Medicines Agency approved Qdenga, a live tetravalent attenuated vaccine for adults, adolescents and kids from four years of age. Two types of dengue vaccine have been approved and are commercially available. A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. The virus has five serotypes infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. ĭengue is spread by several species of female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, principally Aedes aegypti. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into a more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Recovery generally takes two to seven days.
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These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin itching and skin rash. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. Supportive care, intravenous fluids, blood transfusions ĭengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Malaria, yellow fever, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis ĭengue fever vaccine, decreasing mosquito exposure Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash īleeding, low levels of blood platelets, dangerously low blood pressure ĭetecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA
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